Category: Mechanisms
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Modafinil: Mechanisms of Action, Orexin Signaling, Clinical Uses and Safety
Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting eugeroic distinct from traditional amphetamines. We examine how low-affinity dopamine transport and orexin signaling promote wakefulness, cognitive trial data and drug interactions.
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Testosterone Undecanoate: Oral (Jatenzo) vs Long-Acting Injections (Nebido/Aveed)
Testosterone undecanoate is available as a long-acting 10–14 week intramuscular depot and as a novel oral formulation absorbed via the lymphatic system. We review the pharmacology, TRAVERSE safety data and monitoring.
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GLP-1 vs GIP: How Semaglutide and Tirzepatide Work
GLP-1 and GIP are gut hormones behind semaglutide and tirzepatide. Learn what each receptor does, why tirzepatide is a dual agonist, and what is still unproven.